Abstract

This article presents a literature review on the rapid evolution of online education, tracing its development from early correspondence courses to today’s advanced digital platforms. It explores how technological advancements, digital tools, and pedagogical innovations have shaped modern learning environments. By differentiating online education from online learning, the review examines foundational theories and key components of each. It also discusses major trends and challenges, such as quality assurance, equitable access, and inclusivity. Additionally, the article identifies emerging research areas that could further enhance the field. The findings underscore the complexity of online education, its significant impact on instructors, instructional designers, and policymakers, and the ongoing need for research to bridge knowledge gaps. Ultimately, this analysis highlights both the vast potential of online education and the necessity of addressing challenges to optimize digital learning experiences for diverse populations in an increasingly technology-driven world, ensuring accessibility, adaptability, and continuous innovation in virtual education models.